Ulixertinib (BVD-523) antagonizes ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated chemo- therapeutic drug resistance
Ning Ji, Yuqi Yang, Zi-Ning Lei, Chao-Yun Cai, Jing-Quan Wang, Pranav Gupta, Xiaomeng Xian, Dong-Hua Yang, Dexin Kong, Zhe-Sheng Chen
PII: S0006-2952(18)30455-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.028
Reference: BCP 13336
To appear in: Biochemical Pharmacology
Received Date: 12 September 2018
Accepted Date: 24 October 2018
Please cite this article as: N. Ji, Y. Yang, Z-N. Lei, C-Y. Cai, J-Q. Wang, P. Gupta, X. Xian, D-H. Yang, D. Kong, Z-S. Chen, Ulixertinib (BVD-523) antagonizes ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated chemotherapeutic drug resistance, Biochemical Pharmacology (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.028
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ulixertinib (BVD-523) antagonizes ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated chemotherapeutic drug resistance.
Ning Ji 1, 2, Yuqi Yang 1, Zi-Ning Lei 1, Chao-Yun Cai 1, Jing-Quan Wang 1, Pranav Gupta 1, Xiaomeng Xian 1, Dong-Hua Yang 1, Dexin Kong 2, * and Zhe-Sheng Chen 1, *
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
2 Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
*Corresponding author: Zhe-Sheng Chen, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, NY 11439, USA. Fax: +1 718 990 1877. E-mail: [email protected].
*Corresponding author: Dexin Kong, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China. Tel: +86 133 0218 0565. E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract
Ulixertinib (BVD-523) is a highly potent, selective, and reversible ERK1/2 inhibitor and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. In this study, we investigated whether ulixertinib could antagonize multidrug resistance (MDR)-mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The results showed that ulixertinib, at non-toxic concentrations, significantly reversed ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1)- and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2)-mediated MDR. In ABCB1-
overexpressing cells, ulixertinib antagonized MDR by attenuating the efflux function of ABCB1. Similarly, in ABCG2-overexpressing cells, ulixertinib inhibited the efflux activity of ABCG2 and reversed resistance to substrate anticancer drugs. The reversal effects of ulixertinib were not related to the down-regulation or change of subcellular localization of ABCB1 or ABCG2. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ulixertinib stimulated the ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 in a concentration-dependent manner, and the in silico docking study predicted that ulixertinib could interact with the substrate-binding sites of both ABCB1 and ABCG2. Our finding provides a clue into a novel treatment strategy: a combination of ulixertinib with anticancer drugs to attenuate MDR mediated by ABCB1 or ABCG2 in cancer cells overexpressing these transporters.
Key words:
Ulixertinib; Multidrug resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; ABCB1; ABCG2
⦁ Introduction
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells leads to synchronous resistance of cancer cells to structurally unrelated anticancer drugs, which is one of the most important factors that are responsible for the failure of cancer chemotherapy [1, 2]. A series of mechanisms contributes to MDR in cancer, including reduced apoptosis, advanced DNA damage repair mechanisms, or altered drug metabolism. However, one critical mechanism of MDR is related to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are located on the membrane of cancer cells [3].
The ABC transporters constitute a ubiquitous superfamily of integral membrane proteins with important physiological and pharmacological roles [4]. Divided into seven
subfamilies from ABCA to ABCG, the human ABC protein family has 49 ABC proteins and 48 of them have functions [5, 6]. These transporters utilize the binding and hydrolysis of ATP to power the translocation of a diverse assortment of substrates.
Collectively, they transport and regulate levels of physiological substrates such as lipids, porphyrins, and sterols [7], and are widely expressed in the placenta, blood-brain barrier (BBB), intestines, livers, and kidneys to restrict the bioavailability of administered drugs [8, 9]. The ABC transporters also play an important role in MDR, especially the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1, P-glycoprotein), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2, breast cancer resistance protein). By pumping out the substrate drugs of the cancer cells, the ABC transporters significantly decrease the intracellular concentration of certain anticancer drugs, becoming a major impediment to chemotherapy. The ABC transporters are highly associated with the level of chemotherapy and the progression of malignancy [10-13], thus, either decreasing the expression of ABC proteins or inhibiting the efflux function of ABC transporters by certain inhibitors is of great importance in reversing MDR in cancer cells [14].
Ulixertinib (BVD-523) is a ERK-specific inhibitor that has been shown to reduce tumor growth and induce tumor regression in BRAF- and RAS-mutant xenograft models, and it is currently in clinical development. It has also been reported that ulixertinib inhibited tumor growth in human xenograft models that were cross-resistant to both BRAF and MEK inhibitors [15, 16]. However, there is hardly any report on the effect of ulixertinib on ABC transporters-mediated MDR. In this study, we discovered for the first time that
ulixertinib suppressed the efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2, which sensitized cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
⦁ Materials and methods
⦁ Chemicals
Ulixertinib (BVD-523) was presented by Chemie Tek (Indianapolis, IN). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), penicillin/streptomycin and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY). GAPDH (MA5-15738), Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody, and SN-38 were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Rockford, IL). The monoclonal antibodies for ABCG2 (BXP-21) were purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). The monoclonal antibodies for ABCB1 (F4), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Triton X-100, 4′,6- diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), paraformaldehyde, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cisplatin, mitoxantrone, and verapamil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Ko143 was a product from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY). [3H]-paclitaxel (15 Ci/mmol) and [3H]-mitoxantrone (2.5 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Moravek Biochemicals, Inc (Brea, CA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co (St. Louis, MO).
⦁ Cell lines and cell culture
The human epidermoid carcinoma KB-3-1 and its colchicine-selected ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 cells, and the human colon cancer SW620 and its doxorubicin-selected ABCB1- overexpressing SW620/Ad300 cells were used for ABCB1 reversal study. For ABCG2 reversal study, the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) NCI-H460 and its mitoxantrone-
selected ABCG2-overexpressing NCI-H460/MX20 cells, as well as the human colon carcinoma S1 and its mitoxantrone-selected derivative ABCG2-overexpressing S1-M1-80 cells, were used. The KB-C2, SW620/Ad300, NCI-H460/MX20, and the S1-M1-80 cells were maintained as previously described [17, 18]. HEK293/pcDNA3.1, HEK293/ABCG2-482-R2, HEK293/ABCG2-482-G2, and HEK293/ABCG2-482-T7 cells were transfected with either an empty vector pcDNA3.1 or a pcDNA3.1 vector containing a full length ABCG2 with Arginine, Glycine or Threonine at position 482. Transfected cells were selected with complete culture medium containing G418 (2 mg/ml). HEK293/ABCB1 transfected cells overexpressing ABCB1 was obtained from Dr. Susan E. Bate’s lab at Columbia University (New York, NY). Each aforementioned cells was cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. All cells were grown as an adherent monolayer and drug-resistant cells were grown in drug-free culture media for more than 2 weeks before assay.
⦁ MTT cytotoxicity assay
Cell viability was determined using MTT assay as previously described [19]. Each type of cells was harvested and resuspended, then seeded evenly onto a 96-well plate at a final concentration of 5×103 cells per well in 160 μL of medium. After incubating overnight, ulixertinib was added 2 h prior to incubation with or without anticancer drugs. After 72 h of further incubation, MTT solution (4 mg/mL) was added to each well and the cells were incubated for further 4 h. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded and 100 μL of DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. An accuSkanTM GO UV/Vis Microplate Spectrophotometer from Fisher Sci. (Fair Lawn, NJ) was used to determine the absorbance at
570 nm. The concentration for 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) of the anticancer drug was calculated as previously described [20]. For positive controls, verapamil (10 μM) and Ko143 (10 μM) were used to reverse ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR, respectively. Cisplatin, which is not a substrate of ABCB1 or ABCG2, was used as a negative control drug.
⦁ Western blotting analysis
Western blotting analysis was performed as previously described [21]. In short, cells were incubated with or without ulixertinib for varying amounts of time (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) before being lysed. Protein volume was determined by BCA Protein Assay Kit from Pierce (Rockford, IL). Equal amounts (30 μg) of proteins were subjected to 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to PVDF membranes from Millipore (Billerica, MA). The presence of ABCB1 and ABCG2 was determined using monoclonal antibody F4 (dilution 1:500) and BXP-21 (dilution 1:1000) respectively. GAPDH was used as a loading control. The resulting protein bands were analyzed using Image J software.
⦁ Immunofluorescence assay
The immunofluorescence assay was performed as previously described [19]. Briefly, after cultured overnight in 24-well plates, cells (2×104) were treated with ulixertinib for 72 h. Then, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min and permeabilized by 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min before being blocked with 6% BSA for 1 h. The presence of ABCB1 and ABCG2 was determined using monoclonal antibody F4 (dilution 1:100) and BXP-21 (dilution 1:150)
respectively for incubation at 4℃ overnight. Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated secondary antibody
(1:1000) was used after washing with iced PBS. DAPI was used to counterstain the nuclei.
Immunofluorescence images were collected using an EVOS FL Auto fluorescence microscope from Life Technologies Corporation (Gaithersburg, MD).
⦁ ATPase assay
The ABCB1- and ABCG2-associated ATPase activities were measured using PREDEASY ATPase Kits from TEBU-BIO nv (Boechout, Belgium) with modified protocols. Briefly, cell membranes that overexpressed ABCB1 or ABCG2 were thawed and diluted before use.
Sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4) was used as an ATPase inhibitor. Various concentrations of ulixertinib were incubated with membranes for 5 min. The ATPase reactions were initiated by adding 5 mM Mg2+ ATP. Luminescence signals of Pi were initiated and measured after
incubation at 37℃ for 40 min with brief mixing. The changes of relative light units were
determined by comparing Na3VO4-treated samples with ulixertinib-treated groups.
⦁ [3H]-Paclitaxel and [3H]-mitoxantrone accumulation assay
For the [3H]-paclitaxel accumulation assay, KB-3-1 and its drug resistance subline KB-C2 were used. Briefly, 5×105 cells were cultured in 24-well plates overnight before the assay, and ulixertinib was added 2 h prior to the addition of [3H]-paclitaxel. After incubating with [3H]-
paclitaxel with or without ulixertinib for 2 h at 37℃, cells were washed twice with iced PBS,
and lysed with 0.25% trypsin before being placed in 5 mL scintillation fluid, and radioactivity was measured in the Packard TRI-CARB 1900CA liquid scintillation analyzer from Packard Instrument (Downers Grove, IL). NCI-H460, and NCI-H46/MX20 were used for [3H]- mitoxantrone accumulation assay as previously described [22].
⦁ [3H]-Paclitaxel and [3H]-mitoxantrone efflux assay
For the efflux assay, cells were incubated with ulixertinib for 2 h followed by incubation with
[3H]-paclitaxel or [3H]-mitoxantrone with or without ulixertinib for 2 h at 37℃. The cells were washed with iced PBS twice and then lysed at various time points (0, 30, 60, and 120
min) with trypsin. Subsequently, cells were placed in 5 mL of scintillation fluid and radioactivity was measured in the Packard TRI-CARB 1900CA liquid scintillation analyzer from Packard Instrument (Downers Grove, IL). KB-3-1 and KB-C2 were used for the [3H]- paclitaxel efflux assay, while NCI-H460 and NCI-H46/MX20 were used for the [3H]- mitoxantrone efflux assay [22].
⦁ Molecular modeling of human ABCB1 homology model and wild-type human ABCG2 model
All docking studies were conducted with software Maestro 11.5 from Schrödinger, LLC (New York, NY, 2018) on a Mac Pro 6-core Intel Xenon X5 processor with Macintosh Operating System (OS X El Capitan) [17, 23]. Ligand preparation was essentially performed. A human ABCB1 homology model was established based on a refined mouse ABCB1 (PDB ID: 4M1M), and the docking grid at drug-binding pocket was generated according to the reported protocol [24]. Human ABCG2 (PDB ID: 5NJ3) protein preparation was essentially performed, followed by generating the grid by selecting residues (Phe432, Phe 439, Leu539, Ile543, Val546, and Met549) at a substrate-binding pocket of ABCG2 [25]. Glide XP docking was performed, and the result of glide docking was prepared for the induced-fit docking (IFD) with the default protocol. Then the receptor grid for induced-fit docking was generated by selecting residues and induced-fit docking was performed with the default protocol.
⦁ 2.10. Statistical Analysis
⦁ All data are expressed as the mean ± SD and analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. All
experiments were repeated at least three times. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
⦁ Results
⦁ Ulixertinib significantly enhanced the sensitivity of cells overexpressing ABCB1 and ABCG2
We first determined the toxicity effects of ulixertinib in the cells to choose concentrations that would not significantly alter cell survival rate for use in this study. Based on the results (Fig. 1), we conducted the subsequent assays with ulixertinib at concentrations of 3 or 10 μM. As shown in Fig. 2, ulixertinib significantly lowered the IC50 values of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and colchicine to KB-C2 and SW620/Ad300 cells compared with those in control resistant cells in a dose-dependent manner. In Fig. 3, the IC50 values of topotecan, mitoxantrone, and SN-38 to NCI-H460/MX20 and S1-M1-80 after treatment with ulixertinib were much lower than those in untreated resistant cells. Similarly, ulixertinib significantly increased the efficacy of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and colchicine in HEK293/ABCB1 cells compared with that in the control resistant cells group (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the ABCG2-transfected cells ABCG2-482-R2, ABCG2-482-G2, and ABCG2-482-T7 were much more sensitive to topotecan, mitoxantrone, and SN-38 after treatment with ulixertinib compared with the control group (Fig. 5). In addition, ulixertinib did not significantly alter the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin, which is neither a substrate of ABCB1 nor ABCG2 (Fig. 2-5).
⦁ Ulixertinib did not alter protein expression or subcellular localization of ABCB1 or ABCG2 transporters
We performed Western blotting assay to determine the effects of ulixertinib on the expression
level of ABCB1 and ABCG2. As shown in Fig. 6A and 6B, after incubating for 24, 48, and 72 h, ulixertinib did not significantly alter the expression level of ABCB1 protein (170 kDa) in ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 or SW620/Ad300 cells. Similarly, the expression level of ABCG2 protein (72 kDa) in ABCG2-overexpressing cells NCI-H460/MX20 or S1-M1-80 was not altered significantly by ulixertinib for up to 72 h of treatment (Fig. 6C and 6D), indicating that ulixertinib might not reverse MDR by down-regulating ABCB1 or ABCG2. We further conducted an immunofluorescence assay to visualize the intracellular localization of ABCB1 and ABCG2 inside KB-C2 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells. As shown in Fig. 6E and 6F, ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters were located on the membrane of KB-C2 and NCI- H460/MX20 cells, respectively, after treatment with ulixertinib for 72 h, indicating that ulixertinib did not alter the subcellular localization of the ABCB1 or ABCG2 transporters. In this study, KB-3-1, SW620, NCI-H460, and S1 were used as negative controls as they did not express ABCB1 or ABCG2 transporters.
⦁ Ulixertinib increased the intracellular drug accumulation in cancer cells overexpressing ABCB1 and ABCG2
The above results demonstrated that ulixertinib significantly antagonized ABCB1 and ABCG2-mediated MDR without altering their protein expression or subcellular localization. To gain more insight into the mechanisms of action of ulixertinib, drug accumulation assays were performed. The intracellular level of [3H]-paclitaxel and [3H]-mitoxantrone were measured respectively in cells overexpressing ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters in the presence or absence of ulixertinib. As shown in (Fig. 7A), ulixertinib significantly increased the intracellular levels of [3H]-paclitaxel in ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 cells, while no
significant change in [3H]-paclitaxel accumulation was found in parental KB-3-1 cells. Similarly, the intracellular level of [3H]-mitoxantrone in ABCG2-overexpressing cells NCI- H460/MX20 significantly increased after treatment with ulixertinib, while there was no significant increase in [3H]-mitoxantrone in parental NCI-H460 cells after treatment with ulixertinib (Fig. 7B).
⦁ Ulixertinib inhibited the efflux function mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters in cancer cells
We next performed an efflux assay to determine the effect of ulixertinib on the efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters. As shown in Fig. 7C and 7F, ulixertinib significantly decreased the efflux of [3H]-paclitaxel in ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 cells, and [3H]-
mitoxantrone efflux in ABCG2-overexpressing NCI-H460/MX20 cells. However, ulixertinib did not significantly influence the efflux of [3H]-paclitaxel or [3H]-mitoxantrone in the parental cells KB-3-1 or NCI-H460 cells (Fig. 7B and 7E). These results suggested that ulixertinib could increase the accumulation of anticancer drugs by inhibiting the efflux function mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2.
⦁ Ulixertinib stimulated the ATPase activity of ABCB1 and ABCG2
To determine the effect of ulixertinib on the ATPase activity of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters, we conducted ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated ATP hydrolysis in the presence or absence of ulixertinib (0-40 μM). As shown in Fig. 8A, ulixertinib stimulated the ATPase activity of ABCB1 transporters in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of ulixertinib required to obtain 50% of maximal stimulation (EC50) was 3.96 μM with the maximum of stimulation being 3.45-fold. Ulixertinib also stimulated the ATPase activity of ABCG2
transporters (Fig. 8B). The concentration of ulixertinib required to obtain EC50 was 5.78 μM, with 3.25-fold of maximum stimulation. These results suggested that ulixertinib stimulates the ATPase activity in ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters by interacting at the drug-binding pocket of these transporters.
⦁ Docking analysis of the binding of ulixertinib with human ABCB1 homology model and ABCG2 model
The best-scored docked position of ulixertinib ABCB1 and human ABCG2 are shown in Fig. 8C-8F, with high docking scores -11.986 and -11.501 (kcal/mol), respectively, suggesting that ulixertinib has good affinity to both ABCB1 and human ABCG2. The phenol ring of ulixertinib has π-π interactions with Tyr307, Tyr310 and Phe728 of human ABCB1 (Fig. 8C), and the pyridine ring has π-π interactions with Phe303. Both the nitrogen in pyridine ring and the amino group of ulixertinib has hydrogen bonding interactions with Asn721 as the hydrogen bond receptor and donor, respectively. In addition, ulixertinib has hydrophobic interactions with residues such as Ile306, Leu724, Phe770, Phe983, Val991, and Phe994 (Fig. 8E), which stabilized ulixertinib in the substrate-binding pocket of ABCB1. As shown in Fig. 8D, the binding of ulixertinib and ABCG2 include a hydrogen bonding interaction and a π-π interaction. The phenyl ring of ulixertinib has a π-π interaction with Phe431 in the A chain.
The amino group as hydrogen bond donator (NH2⋯NH2-Asn436) has a hydrogen bonding
interaction with residue Asn436 in the B chain. Besides the hydrogen binding and π-π interaction, ulixertinib has a hydrophilic or hydrophobic interaction with the residues (Phe431, Phe432, Thr435, Asn436, Phe439, Ser440, Ser443, Thr542, Leu554, Leu555) in the drug- binding pocket of ABCG2 (Fig. 8F)
⦁ Discussion
In this study, our main finding was that ulixertinib, at a non-toxic concentration, significantly antagonized ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR in cancer cells in a dose- dependent manner. We first performed the MTT assay to achieve the relatively non- toxic concentration in the cells for further testing. Based on the MTT results, we selected 3 or 10 μM of ulixertinib for the following studies. Our data indicated that ulixertinib significantly increased the efficacy of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and colchicine to the ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 and SW620/Ad300 cells, and ABCB1-transfected HEK293/ABCB1 cells compared to their control resistant cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ulixertinib also sensitized ABCG2-overexpressing cells NCI- H460/MX20, S1-M1-80, and ABCG2-transfected HEK293 subline (ABCG2-482-R2, ABCG2-482-G2, and ABCG2-482-T7) to topotecan, mitoxantrone, and SN-38 in a dose- dependent manner. However, up to 10 μM, ulixertinib did not significantly sensitize all the parental cells. Moreover, there was no significant alteration in sensitivity of all the cells to cisplatin. These findings suggested that the reversal effect of ulixertinib was specific to ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR, although ulixertinib appeared to have higher affinity for ABCG2 than for ABCB1.
Several mechanisms could be responsible for the reversal of ABC transporter-mediated MDR, including down-regulation of protein level and/or change in subcellular localization of ABC transporters. However, our Western blotting results showed that there was no significant decrease in the protein level of ABCB1 or ABCG2 transporters after treatment with ulixertinib (10 μM) for up to 72 h. Likewise, in the
immunofluorescence assay, ulixertinib at 10 μM did not significantly change the ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters subcellular localization after incubating for up to 72 h. These results indicated that the reversal effects of ulixertinib on MDR in this study were not related to the alteration of the protein level or subcellular localization of ABC transporters. Nevertheless, we could not exclude the possibility that the reversal effect of ulixertinib could be partially associated with its effect on some proteins and/or cross-talk with other pathways, which may affect the function of ABCB1 and/or ABCG2, this needs to be studied further. In addition, it has been reported that the expression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 genes were regulated through MAPK/ERK and JNK pathways in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells [26]. Further studies should determine the indirect effect of ulixertinib on the expression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 at a higher concentration and a longer incubation time. Aberrant activation of RAS-RAF-MEK- ERK pathway is common to drive tumorigenesis and cause treatment resistance to different anticancer drugs in different types of cancer [15]. Considering the possible confounding effects from the cytotoxicity effect of ulixertinib resulted from inhibition of ERK activity, we preliminarily tested the ERK activity in both parental cells and their corresponding resistant cells in the presence or absence of ulixertinib. However, no significant inhibition of ERK activity was found after treatment of ulixertinib (3 or 10 μM) for up to 72 h (data not shown), indicating that the potential inhibition of ERK activity might not be the major effect of ulixertinib on reversing MDR.
Since ulixertinib exhibited no obvious alteration on protein level or subcellular localization of ABCB1 or ABCG2, we hypothesized that ulixertinib could inhibit the
function of both ABCB1 and ABCG2. This hypothesis was examined by our accumulation and efflux assays. The results showed that pre-treatment of ulixertinib significantly increased the intracellular [3H]-paclitaxel level in ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 cells and that of [3H]-mitoxantrone in ABCG2-overexpressing NCI-H460/MX20 cells, and significantly prevented [3H]-drugs being pumped out of ABCB1- and ABCG2- overexpressing cells in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, no significant change in accumulation or efflux was observed in all corresponding parental cells. These results were congruent with the reversal effects of ulixertinib shown in anti-cancer efficacy testing when co-administered with substrate-drugs. The results can also help us further understand how ulixertinib antagonizes MDR: via increasing the accumulation of substrate-drugs in ABCB1- and ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells by directly inhibiting ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated efflux function. The results are also consistent with studies of our other reported small-molecule reversal reagents [27, 28].
The function of ABC transporters relies on the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP by the transporter, which can be modulated by the presence of substrates or inhibitors [29, 30]. In ATPase assays, our results indicated that ulixertinib stimulated the ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2, to the maximal level of 3.45 folds for ABCB1 and
3.25 folds for ABCG2. However, the accurate binding site of ulixerinib with ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters remained unclear. Our modeling study suggested that ulixertinib could interact with the drug-binding pocket in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of both ABCB1 and ABCG2 with docking scores of -11.986 and -11.501 kcal/mol, respectively, and hydrogen bonding interactions and π-π interactions were predicted
between ulixertinib and drug-binding pocket lining residues from ABCB1 and ABCG2. Further study may involve an experiment to show whether mutation on these residues of ABCB1 and/or ABCG2 could change the current results or not, which may act as strong evidence to support the in silico study. In summary, these results together suggest that ulixertinib competitively displaces substrate-drugs from ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters, thereby inhibiting the efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2, and increasing the intracellular accumulation of certain chemotherapeutic drugs into MDR cancer cells, and ultimately reversing MDR.
Ulixertinib (BVD-523) is a ERK-specific inhibitor that is now in phase I clinical trial for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Pre-clinical studies have shown that ulixertinib has promising anticancer activity in tumors with NRAS- and BRAF-mutations, and a combination therapy with ulixertinib and a BRAF inhibitor has provided promising antitumor activity [15, 16]. Recently, it has also been reported that concurrent inhibition of PI3K or HER proteins synergizes with ulixertinib in suppressing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell growth in vitro and in vivo [31]. A clinical trial is now being conducted for ulixertinib in combination with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, providing the potential possibility of ulixertinib co- administration with chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. Regrettably, there is hardly any published research on the administration of ulixertinib for reversing ABC transporter-mediated MDR.
In recent years, research have shown that a series of small-molecule targeted drugs have the capacity to reverse ABC transporter-mediated MDR. However, strategies to develop
ABC transporters as a therapeutic target to overcome drug resistance have, to date, failed in the clinic. Nonetheless, increasing evidence has shown that ABC transporters are highly associated with MDR and are important in regulating oral bioavailability. The ABC transporters can pump out a serious of chemotherapeutic drugs which will finally lead to the failure of clinical chemotherapy [1, 2, 4-6]. Ample clinical research also have shown that resistance to chemotherapy in a series of cancers is strongly associated with the overexpression of certain ABC transporters, and it has been reported that overexpression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters in cancer cells may come with poor prognosis and high risk of death [32-36]. Therefore, restricting the function of ABC transporters is still a potential treatment approach for increasing the efficiency of chemotherapy in cancer patients.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that ulixertinib reverses ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR by competitively inhibiting the expulsion of anticancer drugs by ABC transporters. Further study indicated that ulixertinib stimulated ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2. Whether ulixertinib could contribute to improving chemotherapeutic outcome in clinic remains to be determined. At the latest, this study provides critical clues: the combination of ulixertinib with substrate-drugs of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters for cancer clinical treatment could be useful to evade MDR.
⦁ Acknowledgements
This work was supported by St. John’s University Research Seed Grant (No.579-1110- 7002), grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673464), grant for Major Project of Tianjin for New Drug Development (17ZXXYSY00050), and the
Postgraduate Innovation Fund of '13th Five-Year comprehensive investment', Tianjin Medical University (YJSCX201712). We would like to thank Chemie Tek (Indianapolis, IN) for providing us with the ulixertinib compound. We would like to thank Dr. Stephen Aller from The University of Alabama at Birmingham (Birmingham, UK) for kindly providing the human ABCB1 homology model. We thank Tanaji T. Talele from St.
John's University (New York, NY) for providing the computing resources for the docking analysis. We thank Dr. Susan E. Bates for providing the cell lines. We thank Dr. Yangmin Chen for editorial assistance. The first author thanks China Scholarship Council for providing daily expenditure in America.
⦁ Conflicts of interest
The authors have declared no potential conflicts of interest.
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Figure legends
Figure 1. Concentration-dependent viability curves for parental and ABCB1- overexpressing cells incubated with ulixertinib. (A) Concentration-viability curves for KB- 3-1 and KB-C2 cells incubated with ulixertinib for 72 h. (B) Concentration-viability curves for SW620 and SW620/Ad300 cells incubated with ulixertinib for 72 h. (C) Concentration- viability curves for NCI-H460 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells incubated with ulixertinib for 72 h.
(D) Concentration-viability curves for S1 and S1-M1-80 cells incubated with ulixertinib for
72 h. (E) Concentration-viability curves for HEK293/pcDNA3.1 and HEK293/ABCB1 cells incubated with ulixertinib for 72 h. The cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and representative of three independent experiments.
Figure 2. Effects of ulixertinib on the IC50 values of different anticancer drugs in parental and ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells. IC50 values of (A) doxorubicin, (B) paclitaxel, (C) colchicine, and (D) cisplatin in parental KB-3-1 and drug-selected ABCB1- overexpressing resistant KB-C2 cells with or without treatment of ulixertinib. IC50 of (E) doxorubicin, (F) paclitaxel, (G) colchicine, and (H) cisplatin in parental SW620 and drug- selected ABCB1-overexpressing resistant SW620/Ad300 cells with or without treatment of ulixertinib. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, representative of three independent experiments.
*p < 0.05, compared with control group.
Figure 3. Effects of ulixertinib on the IC50 values of different anticancer drugs in parental and ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells. IC50 values of (A) topotecan, (B) mitoxantrone, (C) SN-38, and (D) cisplatin in parental NCI-H460 and drug-selected ABCG2- overexpressing resistant NCI-H460/MX20 cells with or without treatment of ulixertinib. IC50 of (E) topotecan, (F) mitoxantrone, (G) SN-38, and (H) cisplatin in parental S1 and drug- selected ABCG2-overexpressing resistant S1-M1-80 cells with or without treatment of ulixertinib. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, representative of three independent experiments.
*p < 0.05, compared with control group.
Figure 4. Effects of ulixertinib on the IC50 values of different anticancer drugs in parental HEK293/pcDNA3.1 and transfected ABCB1-overexpressing HEK293/ABCB1 cells. IC50 values of (A) doxorubicin, (B) paclitaxel, (C) colchicine, and (D) cisplatin in
parental HEK293/pcDNA3.1 and transfected ABCB1-overexpressing HEK293/ABCB1 cells with or without treatment of ulixertinib. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, representative of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, compared with control group.
Figure 5. Effects of ulixertinib on the IC50 values of different anticancer drugs in parental HEK293/pcDNA3.1 and transfected ABCG2-overexpressing HEK293/ABCG2- R482, HEK293/ABCG2-G482, and HEK293/ABCG2-T482 cells. IC50 values of (A)
topotecan, (B) mitoxantrone, (C) SN-38, and (D) cisplatin in parental HEK293/pcDNA3.1 and transfected ABCG2-overexpressing HEK293/ABCG2-R482, HEK293/ABCG2-G482, and HEK293/ABCG2-T482 cells with or without treatment of ulixertinib. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, representative of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, compared with control group.
Figure 6. The effect of ulixertinib on the protein expression and subcellular localization of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters. (A) Detection and relative intensity of ABCB1 expression in KB-C2 cells incubated with 10 μM of ulixertinib for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. (B) Detection and relative intensity of ABCB1 expression in SW620/Ad300 cells incubated with 10 μM of ulixertinib for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. (C) Detection of ABCG2 expression and relative intensity in NCI-H460/MX20 cells incubated with 10 μM of ulixertinib for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h.
(D) Detection of ABCG2 expression and relative intensity in S1-M1-80 cells incubated with 10 μM of ulixertinib for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. (E) Sub-cellular localization of ABCB1 expression in KB-C2 cells incubated with 10 μM of ulixertinib for 72 h. (F) Sub-cellular localization of ABCG2 expression in NCI-H460/MX20 cells incubated with 10 μM of ulixertinib for 72 h. Data are mean ± SD, representative of three independent experiments. *p
< 0.05, compared with control group. Green: ABCB1 and ABCG2. Blue: DAPI counterstains the nuclei. KB-3-1 and NCI-H460 represented the negative control group. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 7. The effects of ulixertinib on the intracellular [3H]-drug accumulation and efflux activity in cancer cells overexpressing ABCB1 and ABCG2. (A) The effect of ulixertinib on the accumulation of [3H]-paclitaxel in KB-3-1 and KB-C2 cell lines. (B, C) The effects of ulixertinib on efflux of [3H]-paclitaxel in KB-3-1 and KB-C2 cells. (D) The effect of ulixertinib on the accumulation of [3H]-mitoxantrone in NCI-H460 and NCI-H460/MX20 cells. (E, F) The effects of ulixertinib on efflux of [3H]-mitoxantrone in NCI-H460 and NCI- H460/MX20 cells. Data are mean ± SD, representative of three independent experiments. *p
< 0.05, compared with control group.
Figure 8. The effects of ulixertinib on the ATPase activity of ABCB1 and ABCG2, and the molecular modeling study of ulixertinib with human homology ABCB1 and wild- type human ABCG2. (A) Effect of ulixertinib on the ATPase activity of ABCB1. (B) Effect of ulixertinib on the ATPase activity of ABCG2. The inset graphs illustrate the effect of 0-10 μM ulixertinib on the ATPase activity of ABCB1 (A) or ABCG2 (B). Data are mean, representative of three independent experiments. (C) Docked position of ulixertinib within the drug-binding site of human ABCB1 homology model. (D) Docked position of ulixertinib within the binding site of ABCG2. Ulixertinib is shown as a ball and stick model with the atoms colored: carbon-cyan, hydrogen-white, nitrogen-blue, oxygen-red, chloride-green, hydrogen-white. Important residues are shown as sticks with grey color. π-π stacking interactions are indicated with cyan dotted short line. Hydrogen bonds are shown by the yellow dotted line. (E) The two-dimensional ligand-receptor interaction diagram of ulixertinib
and human homology ABCB1. (F) The two-dimensional ligand-receptor interaction diagram of ulixertinib and human ABCG2. The amino acids within 3 Å are shown as colored bubbles, cyan indicates polar residues, and green indicates hydrophobic residues. The purple arrow
indicates hydrogen bond and green short line shows π-π stacking interaction.